Bachelor of Education

Meaning of Thorndike’s Trial and Error Theory: Edward Lee Thorndike [1874-1949] is generally considered to have been the foremost educational psychologist not only of the United States but of the world. He contributed to research and theory in the field of learning and genetic psychology, testing and social psychology, testing and social psychology. Thorndike first stated the elements of his theory of learning in 1913 that connections are formed in the nervous system between stimuli and response. These connections formed are illustrated by the symbols S-R. Another word used to describe these connections is the word ‘bond’ and hence,’ this theory is sometimes called a ‘Bond Theory of learning’. Thorndike has written- “Learning is connecting. The mind is man’s connection system.”   According to Thorndike learning takes place by trial and error. Some people call it, “Learning by selection of the successful variant,” accordingly when no ready-made solution of a problem is available to ...

Maslow has classified the human needs in five categories and arranges these categories of needs in a hierarchical order. When lower needs are satisfied, the individual attempts to satisfy the higher needs. An organism remains in tension if needs are not satisfied. The organism makes efforts to release his tension. Thus, ‘need’ is a factor of motivation- Every behaviour of an organism is rooted by his need. The psychological force which encourages individual to emit a specific behaviour is known as need. There are two types of needs: 1. Physiological needs, and 2. Mental or psychological needs. The nature of motivation is psycho-physical and this physiological needs are satisfied, the behaviour change is known as satisfaction, but psychological needs plays an important role in determining the behaviour, because such needs are never satisfied. Most of the human behaviour is controlled and determined by the psychological needs. Murry’s Need Theory and Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Motiv...